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![Then-Secretary of State John Quincy Adams elaborated on Washington's admonition against objectless, gratuitous wars in his July 4, 1821 Address to Congress. He explained: "[America's] glory is not dominion, but liberty. Her march is the march of the mind. She has a spear and a shield: but the motto upon her shield is, Freedom, Independence, Peace. This has been her Declaration: this has been, as far as her necessary intercourse with the rest of mankind would permit, her practice."](https://twt-thumbs.washtimes.com/media/image/2013/07/15/b4-dibacco-jqadams_c0-301-1200-1000_s652x380.jpg?2367dcad807f745c8171e40ffae5308179e09e64)
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John Quincy Adams, who as secretary of state in 1823 helped codify the Monroe Doctrine rejecting European interference in the Western Hemisphere, tenaciously argued throughout his long career for an American foreign policy rooted in the defense of the U.S. homeland and key geographies, such as Latin America, that could be used to pose threats to the United States.
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