Meet the obscure president from the 1890s who is the model for Trump’s presidency

A controversial Republican president imposes stiff tariffs on U.S. trading partners, seeks to expand America’s footprint abroad, keeps out immigrants he deems “criminals” and makes it easier to fire government employees.

He was swept into office amid voter frustration with the economy under his Democratic predecessor.

The year is not 2025, and the president is not Donald Trump. It’s William McKinley, elected in 1896, who has become the model for Mr. Trump’s second term.

Mr. Trump isn’t shy about being a super fan of the largely forgotten 25th president, giving McKinley a moment he hasn’t had since his assassination 124 years ago.

At the America Business Forum last month, Mr. Trump praised McKinley as “a great president” before launching into an impromptu history lesson. He complained that President Theodore Roosevelt gets too much credit for McKinley’s policies and hailed McKinley’s time as governor of Ohio.

“He did a great job. Made the country very rich,” Mr. Trump said.

One of Mr. Trump’s first acts in office was to restore the name Mount McKinley to the highest peak in North America, rescinding President Obama’s order designating it “Mount Denali” to honor its ancient name.

“Presidents often latch onto previous presidents to justify their policies,” said historian Craig Shirley. “I think Trump finds McKinley interesting because he was part of the realignment of the Republican Party that made it more dominant in the industrial states. That’s where Trump gets his inspiration from.”

Mr. Shirley said McKinley is an unusual choice for Mr. Trump, the current torchbearer for the party of Ronald Reagan and Abraham Lincoln. He noted that, like Mr. Trump, President Reagan wanted to reduce the size of government and return certain policies, such as education, to the states.

Mr. Shirley also noted similarities between Mr. Trump and Andrew Jackson, a populist who ran as a political outsider.

Regardless, there is no shortage of parallels between Mr. Trump and McKinley.

Perhaps the most obvious, and one cited most by Mr. Trump, is their mutual love of tariffs. Although Mr. Trump insists “tariff” is the third greatest word in the English language, behind “God and family,” McKinley referred to himself as a “tariff man standing on a tariff platform.”

Both men repeatedly said high tariffs would restore American prosperity and protect workers. While in office, McKinley raised tariff rates on woolens, linens, silks, china and sugar. He imposed a 12-year tariff that started at 52% in the first year, the highest in U.S. history, and averaged around 47% during its lifespan.

McKinley’s tariffs generated $145 million, equivalent to roughly $5 billion today.

Mr. Trump’s tariff policy remains in flux as he negotiates trade deals with other nations. Under Mr. Trump, however, the average effective tariff rate in the U.S. reached 17.9%, its highest total since 1934.

Toward the end of his presidency, McKinley began to soften on tariffs. In a September 1901 speech, he made the case for more free trade and lowering tariffs, but the next day, an anarchist shot him, and the president died eight days later.

“Reciprocal trade arrangements with other nations should, in liberal spirit, be carefully cultivated and promoted,” McKinley said. “Commercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of goodwill and friendly trade will prevent reprisals.”

Mr. Trump and McKinley also share an expansionist agenda. McKinley seized the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico and annexed Hawaii, making him the last president to significantly expand the U.S. footprint.

McKinley also hatched the plan for the U.S. to build a shipping route through South America to ease travel from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans. It ultimately became the Panama Canal under Roosevelt.

Mr. Trump hasn’t been shy about his expansionist agenda, including annexing Canada and buying Greenland. The apple of his eye is reclaiming the Panama Canal, which the U.S. built but turned over to Panama under President Carter.

Mr. Trump has said China’s influence over the canal is costing the U.S. billions of dollars in trade and poses a threat to national security. Beijing has disputed Mr. Trump’s claims that it is pressuring Panama for greater influence over the canal.

“The first stirrings of the Panama Canal began under McKinley, and now, Trump wants it back, bringing his fascination with McKinley full circle,” Mr. Shirley said.

The analogies extend to immigration policy. Both Mr. Trump and McKinley railed against immigrants, whom they labeled threats to the U.S., while shifting their policies because of economic considerations.

McKinley refused to allow the “debased and criminal classes of the Old World” to enter America, referring to the anarchists and terrorists of the 1890s. He was open to immigrants who produced wealth and committed to the country’s values, saying he welcomed immigrants who “seek to become citizens.”

McKinley argued that the economic growth and diversification brought by immigrants would benefit the country.

Mr. Trump has cracked down on immigrants entering the U.S. illegally and deported 527,000 migrants as of late October, according to Department of Homeland Security data.

Mr. Trump also has reversed some of his anti-immigration policies over fears that it could disrupt the economy. In June, Mr. Trump said U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents should avoid enforcement at worksites in certain industries, including hotels, restaurants and farm operations.

Mr. Trump paused the deportation of 500 workers, most of them South Korean citizens, after the move threatened to undercut a lucrative trade deal he was trying to achieve with Seoul.

The two presidents also share a desire to make it easier to fire government employees. McKinley entered office with Republicans angry that his predecessor, Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, expanded the merit list of officeholders. Cleveland’s move created an entire class of entrenched civil servants who could be removed only for cause or merit. McKinley immediately issued an executive order removing roughly 4,000 positions from that list.

The order parallels an order signed by Mr. Trump in January that reclassified tens of thousands of career civil servants as “at will” employees, removing protections and making them easier to fire.

Mr. Trump also fired thousands of government workers through his Department of Government Efficiency initiative, which aimed to reduce the size of the government.